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\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
@setfilename ledger3.info
@settitle Ledger: Command-Line Accounting
@dircategory Major Modes
@copying
Copyright (c) 2013, Craig Earls. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
met:
- Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
- Neither the name of New Artisans LLC nor the names of its
contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
this software without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
@end copying
@documentencoding UTF-8
@iftex
@finalout
@end iftex
@titlepage
@title Ledger Mode
@subtitle Emacs Support For Version 3.0 of Ledger
@author Craig Earls
@end titlepage
@direntry
* Ledger Mode: (ledger-mode). Command-Line Accounting
@end direntry
@contents
@ifnottex
@node Top, Copying, (dir), (dir)
@top Overview
Ledger is a command line accounting tool that provides double-entry
accounting based on a text journal. It provides no bells or whistles,
and returns the user to the days before user interfaces were even a
1twinkling in their father's CRT.
Ledger Mode assists you in maintaining input files for Ledger, running
reports and much more...
@c @insertcopying
@end ifnottex
@menu
* Copying::
* Introduction to Ledger Mode::
* The Ledger Buffer::
* The Reconcile Buffer::
* The Report Buffer::
* Installing and Customizing Ledger-mode::
* Hacking Ledger-mode::
@end menu
@node Copying, Introduction to Ledger Mode, Top, Top
@chapter Copying
@insertcopying
@node Introduction to Ledger Mode, The Ledger Buffer, Copying, Top
@chapter Introduction to Ledger Mode
@menu
* Quick installation::
* Menus::
* Quick Demo::
@end menu
@node Quick installation, Menus, Introduction to Ledger Mode, Introduction to Ledger Mode
@section Quick Installation
The emacs lisp source for Ledger-mode is included with the source
distribution of Ledger. It is entirely included in the @file{lisp}
subdirectory. To use ledger mode include the following in your emacs
initialization file (@file{~/.emacs}, @file{~/.emacs.d/init.el},
@file{~/.Aquamacs/Preferences.el}
@smallexample
(add-to-list 'load-path (expand-file-name "/path/to/ledger/source/lisp/"))
(load "ldg-new")
(add-to-list 'auto-mode-alist '("\\.ledger$" . ledger-mode))
@end smallexample
This sets up Emacs to automatically recognize files that end with
@file{.ledger} and start Ledger mode. Nothing else should be required
as long as the ledger command line utility is properly installed.
@node Menus, Quick Demo, Quick installation, Introduction to Ledger Mode
@section Menus
The vast majority of Ledger-mode functionality is available from the
Emacs menu system. The keystrokes are shown in the menu to help you
learn the faster keyboard methods.
@node Quick Demo, , Menus, Introduction to Ledger Mode
@section Quick Demo
Load the demo file @file{demo.ledger} from the Ledger source
@file{test/input} directory. The ledger will be loaded and font
highlighted. At this point you could manually edit transactions and run
Ledger from a convenient command line.
@menu
* Quick Add::
* Reconciliation::
* Reports::
* Folding::
@end menu
@node Quick Add, Reconciliation, Quick Demo, Quick Demo
@subsection Quick Add
As simple as the ledger transaction format is, it can still be daunting
to add many transactions manually. Ledger provides two way to add
transactions with minimal typing. Both are based on the idea that most
tranactions are repretitions of earlier transactions.
In the @file{demo.ledger} buffer enter a date using the correct
format. The tpye the first few characters of another payee in the
@file{demo.ledger} buffer. Type @code{C-c TAB}. Ledger-mode will
search for a Payee that has the same beginning and copy the rest of the
transaction to you new entry.
Additionally you can ust the ledger xact command, by typing @code{C-c
C-a} then typing a close match to the payee. Ledger mode will call
@code{ledger xact} with the data you enter and place the transaction in
the proper chronological place in the ledger.
@node Reconciliation, Reports, Quick Add, Quick Demo
@subsection Reconciliation
The biggest task of maintaining a ledger is ensuring the it matches the
outside world. This process is called reconciliation (@xref{Basics of
Reconciliation}) and can be quite onerous. Ledger mode attempts to make
it as painless as possible.
In the @file{demo.ledger} buffer type @code{C-c C-r}. Emacs will prompt
for an account to reconcile in the mini-buffer. Enter @code{Checking}.
Emacs will then prompt for a target value. The target value is the
amount you want the cleared transactions in the buffer to total.
Normally this would be the ending value from your bank statement, or the
latest value in your on-line transaction summary. Enter @code{1710}.
Note that Ledger-mode assumes your are using $ (USD) as your default
commodity, this can be easily changed in the customization
variables. @xref{Ledger-mode Customization}
You now see a list of uncleared transactions in a buffer below the
@file{demo.ledger} buffer. Touching the space bar will mark a
transaction as pending and display the current cleared (and pending)
balance, along with the difference remaining to meet your target. Clear
the first three transactions, and you will see the difference to target
reach $0. End the reconcilitation by typing @code{C-c C-c}. This saves
the demo.ledger buffer and marks the transactions and finally cleared.
Type @code{q} to close out the reconciliation buffer.
@node Reports, Folding, Reconciliation, Quick Demo
@subsection Reports
The real power of Ledger is in it reporting capabilities. Reports can
be run and displayed in a spearate Emacs buffer. In the
@file{demo.ledger} buffer, type @code{C-c C-o C-r}. In the mini-buffer
Emacs will prompt for a report name. There are a few built-in reports,
and you can add any report you need @xref{Adding New Reports}.
In the mini-buffer type @code{account}. When prompted for an account
type @code{checking}. In another buffer you will see a Ledger register
report. You can move around the buffer, with the point on a transaction,
type @code{C-c C-c}. Ledger mode will take you directly to that
transaction in the @file{demo.ledger} buffer.
Another built-in report is the balance report. In the
@file{demo.ledger} buffer, type @code{C-c C-o C-r}. When prompted for a
report to run, type @code{bal}, and a balance report of all accounts
will be shown.
@node Folding, , Reports, Quick Demo
@subsection Folding
A ledger file can get very large. It can be helpful to collapse the buffer
to display only the transactions you are interested in. Ledger-mode
copies the @code{occur} mode functionality. Typing @code{C-c C-f} and
entering any regex in the mini-buffer will show only transactions that
match the regex. The regex can be on any field, or amount.
@node The Ledger Buffer, The Reconcile Buffer, Introduction to Ledger Mode, Top
@chapter The Ledger Buffer
@menu
* Adding Transactions::
* Editing Amounts::
* Marking Transactions::
* Deleting Transactions::
* Sorting Transactions::
* Hiding Transactions::
@end menu
@node Adding Transactions, Editing Amounts, The Ledger Buffer, The Ledger Buffer
@section Adding Transactions
Beyond the two ways of quickly adding transactions (@pxref{Quick Add})
Ledger-mode assists you by providing robust @code{TAB} completion for
payees and accounts. Ledger-mode will scan the existing buffer for
payees and accounts. Included files are not currently included in the
completion scan. Repeatedly hitting @code{TAB} will cycle through the
possible completions.
@node Editing Amounts, Marking Transactions, Adding Transactions, The Ledger Buffer
@section Editing Amounts
GNU Calc is a very powerful Reverse Polish Notation calculator built
into all recent version of Emacs. Ledger-mode makes it easy to
calculate values for amount by integrating GNU Calc. With the point
anywhere in the same line as a posting, typing @code{C-c C-b} will
bring up the Calc buffer, and push the current amount for the posting
onto the top of the Calc stack. Perform any calculations you ened to
arrive at the final vlaue, then type @code{y} to ynk the value at the
top of stack back into the ledger buffer. Note: GNU Calc does not
directly support commas as decimal separators. Ledger mode will
translate values from decimal-comma format to decimal-period format for
use in Calc, but it cannot intercept the value being yanked form the
Calc stack, so decimal-comma users will have to manually replace the
period with a comma.
@node Marking Transactions, Deleting Transactions, Editing Amounts, The Ledger Buffer
@section Marking Transactions
Ledger considers transaction or posting to be in one of three states:
uncleared, cleared, and pending. For calculation Ledger ignores these
states unless specifically instructed to use them. Ledger-mode assigns
some additional meaning to the states:
@itemize
@item Uncleared.
No state. This is equivalent to sticking a check in the mail. It has
been obligated, but not been cashed by the recipient. It could also
apply to credit/debit card transactions that have not been cleared into
your account balance. You bank may call these transactions 'pending',
but Ledger-mode usues a slightly different meaning.
@item Pending.
Ledger-mode's reconciliation function see pending transactions as an
intermediate step in reconciling an account. When doing a
reconciliation (@pxref{Reconciliation}), marking a transaction as
pending means that you have seen the transaction finally recorded by the
recipient, but you have not completely reconciled the account.
@item Cleared.
The transaction has been completely recognized by all parties to the transaction.
@end itemize
Clearing complete transactions is done by typing @code{C-c C-e} with
point in a transaction. This places an asterisk (@code{*}) after the
date. Clearing individual postings is done by typing @code{C-c C-c}
while in a posting. This places an asterisk prior to the posting.
@node Deleting Transactions, Sorting Transactions, Marking Transactions, The Ledger Buffer
@section Deleting Transactions
Along with normal buffer editing methods to delete text, Ledger mode
provides an easy way to delete the transaction under point: @code{C-c
C-d}. The advantage to using this method is that the complete
transaction operation is in the undo buffer.
@node Sorting Transactions, Hiding Transactions, Deleting Transactions, The Ledger Buffer
@section Sorting Transactions
As you operating on the Ledger files, they may become disorganized. For
the most part, Ledger doesn't care, but our human brains prefer a bit of
order. Sorting the transactions in a buffer into chronological order
can help bring order to chaos. Ledger sort (@code C-c C-s) will sort
all of the transactions in a region by date. Ledger-mode isn't
particularly smart about handling dates and it simply sorts the
transactions using the string at the beginning of the transaction. So,
you should use the preferred ISO 8601 standard date format @code{YYYY/MM/DD}
which easily sorts.
Note, there is a menu entry to sort the entire buffer. Special
transactions like automated transactsion, will be moved in the sorting
process and may not fucntion correctly afterwards. For this reason
there is no key sequence.
@node Hiding Transactions, , Sorting Transactions, The Ledger Buffer
@section Hiding Transactions
Ofen times you will want to run Ledger register reports just to look at
a specific set of transactions. If you don't need the running total
calculation hadnled by Ledger, Ledger-mode provides a rapid way of
narrowing what is displayed in the buffer in a way that is sipler than
the Ledger register command.
Based on the Emacs Occur mode by Alexey Veretennikov, Ledger-occur hides
all transactions that do NOT meet a specific regular expression. The
regular expression can match on any part of the transaction. If you
want to find all transactions whose amount ends in .37, you can do that
( I don't know why, but hey, whatever ever flaots you aerostat).
Using @code(C-c C-f) or the @code{Hide Xacts} menu entry, enter a
regualr expression in the minbuffer. Ledger-mode will hide all oter
transactions. For details of the regualr expression syntax, see the
Emacs Manual or the Emac Elisp Reference Manual. A few examples using
the @file{demo.ledger} are given here:
@table @samp
@item Groceries
Show only transactions that have a posting to the `Groceries' account.
@item ^2011/01
Show only transactions occuring in January of 2011.
@item ^2011/.*/25
Show only transactions occuring on the 25th of the month in 2011
@item .*ore
Show only transaction with payeees or accounts ending in `ore'
@end table
To show all transactions simply invoke @code{Hide Xacts} or @code{C-c
C-f} again.
@node The Reconcile Buffer, The Report Buffer, The Ledger Buffer, Top
@chapter The Reconcile Buffer
@menu
* Basics of Reconciliation::
* Starting a Reconciliation::
* Mark Transactions Pending::
* Edit Transactions During Reconciliation::
* Finialize Reconciliation::
* Adding and Deleting Transactions during Reconciliation::
* Changing Reconciliation Account::
* Changing Reconciliation Target::
@end menu
@node Basics of Reconciliation, Starting a Reconciliation, The Reconcile Buffer, The Reconcile Buffer
@section Basics of Reconciliation
Even in this relativley modern era, financial transactions do not happen
instantaneously, unless you are paying cash. When you swipe your debit
card the money may take several days to actually come out of your
account, or a check may take several days to ``clear''. That is the
root of the difference between ``obligating'' funds and ``expending''
funds. Obligation says you have agreed to pay it, the expnediture
doesn't happen until the money actually leaves your account. Or in the
case of receiving payment, you have an account receivable until the
money has actually made it to you.
After an account has been reconciled you have verified that all the
transactions in that account have been correctly recorded and all
parties agree.
@node Starting a Reconciliation, Mark Transactions Pending, Basics of Reconciliation, The Reconcile Buffer
@section Starting a Reconciliation
To start reconciling an account you must have a target, both the
transactions that you know about and the transactions the bank knows
about. You can get this from a monthly statement, or from checking your
online transaction history. It also helps immensely to know the final
cleared balance you are aiming for.
Use menu @code{Reconcile Account} or @code{C-c C-r} and enter the
account you wish to reconcile in the mini-buffer. Ledger-mode is not
particular about what you enter for the account. You can leave it blank
and Reconcile Mode will show you ALL uncleared transactions. After you
enter the account enter the target amount. Ledger expects you to enter
an amount with a commodity. It assumes initially that you are using $
(USD) as your default commodity. If you are working in a difference
currency you can change the default in variable
@code(ledger-reconcile-default-commodity) to whatever you need. If you
work in multiple commodities simply enter the commoditized amount (for
example @code{340 VSDX}, for 340 shares of VSDX).
Ledger-mode reconcile cannot currently reconcile accounts the have
multiple commodities, such as brokerage accounts. You may use
reconciliation mode to clear transactions, but balance calculations will
not display the complete list of commodities.
@node Mark Transactions Pending, Edit Transactions During Reconciliation, Starting a Reconciliation, The Reconcile Buffer
@section Mark Transactions Pending
The @file{*Reconcile*} buffer will show all the uncleared transactions
that meeting the criteria set in the regex. By default uncleared
transactions are shown in red. When you have verified that a
transaction ahs been correctly and compeltely recorded by the opposing
party, mark the transaction as pending using the space bar. Continue
this process until you agree with the opposing party and the difference
from your target is zero.
@node Edit Transactions During Reconciliation, Finialize Reconciliation, Mark Transactions Pending, The Reconcile Buffer
@section Edit Transactions during Reconciliation
If you find errors during reconciliation. You can visit the transaction
under point in the @file{*Reconcile*} buffer by hitting the @code{enter}
key. This will take you to the transaction in the Ledger buffer. When
you have finished editing the transaction saving the buffer will
automatically return you to the @file{*Reconcile*} buffer and you can
mark the transaction if appropriate.
@node Finialize Reconciliation, Adding and Deleting Transactions during Reconciliation, Edit Transactions During Reconciliation, The Reconcile Buffer
@section Finalize Reconciliation
Once you have marked all transactions as pending and the cleared balance
is correct. Finish the reconciliation by typing @code{C-c C-c}. This
marks all pending transaction as cleared and saves the ledger buffer.
@node Adding and Deleting Transactions during Reconciliation, Changing Reconciliation Account, Finialize Reconciliation, The Reconcile Buffer
@section Adding and Deleting Transactions during Reconciliation
While reconciling, you may find new transactions that need to be entered
into your ledger. Simply type @code{a} to bring up the quick add for
the ledger buffer.
Typing @code{d} will delete the transaction under point in the
@file{*Reconcile*} buffer form the ledger buffer.
@node Changing Reconciliation Account, Changing Reconciliation Target, Adding and Deleting Transactions during Reconciliation, The Reconcile Buffer
@section Changing Reconciliation Account
You can conveniently switch the account being reconciled by typing
@code{g}, and entering a new account to reconcile. This simply restarts
teh reconcile process. Any transactions that were marked `pending' in
the ledger buffer are left in that state when the account is switched.
@node Changing Reconciliation Target, , Changing Reconciliation Account, The Reconcile Buffer
@section Changing Reconciliation Target
If for some reason during reconciliation your target amount changes,
type @code{t} and enter the new target value.
@node The Report Buffer, Installing and Customizing Ledger-mode, The Reconcile Buffer, Top
@chapter The Report Buffer
@menu
* Running Basic Reports::
* Adding and Editing Reports::
* Reversing Report Order::
@end menu
@node Running Basic Reports, Adding and Editing Reports, The Report Buffer, The Report Buffer
@section Running Reports
The real popwer behing Ledger is in its amazing reporting capability.
Ledger-mode provides easy facility to run reports directly from emacs.
It has four reports built-in and facilities for adding custom reports.
Typeing @code{C-c C-o C-r} or using menu @code{Ledger Run Report} prompt
for the name of a saved report. The built-in reports are:
@table @samp
@item bal
Produce a balance reports of all accounts.
@item reg
Produce a register report of all transactions.
@item payee
Prompt for a payee, the produce a register report of all transaction
involving that payee.
@item account
Prompt for an account, the produce a register report of all transaction
involving that account.
@end table
@node Adding and Editing Reports, Reversing Report Order, Running Basic Reports, The Report Buffer
@section Adding and Editing Reports
@menu
* Expansion Formats::
* Make Report Transactions Active::
@end menu
If you type a report name that Ledger-mode doesn't recognize it will
prompt you for a ledger command line to run. That command is
automatically saved with the name given and you can re-run it at any
time.
There are two ways to edit the command line for a report. The first is
to privide a prefix argument to the run-report command. For example,
type @code{M-1 C-c C-o C-r}. This will prompt you for the report name,
then present the report command line to be edited. When you hit enter,
the report will be run, but it will not be permanently saved. If you
want to save it, type @code{S} in the the @file{*Ledger Report*} buffer you
will have the option to give it a new name, or overwrite the old report.
Deleting reports is accomplished by type @code{C-c C-o C-e} Edit Reports
in the ledger buffer, or typing @code{E} in the @file{*Ledger Report*}
buffer. This takes you to the emacs customization window for the
@code{ledger-reports} variable. Use the widgets to delete the report
you want removed.
@node Expansion Formats, Make Report Transactions Active, Adding and Editing Reports, Adding and Editing Reports
@subsection Expansion Formats
It is sometime convenient to leave room to customize a report without
saving the command line every time. For example running a register
report for a specific account, enter at runtime by the user. The
built-in report @file{account} does exactly that, using a variable
expansion to prompt the user for the account to use. There are four
variable that can be expanded to run a report:
@table @samp
@item ledger-file
Returns the file to be operated on.
@item payee
Prompts for a payee.
@item account
Prompt for an account.
@item value
Prompt for a tag value.
@end table
You can use these expansion values in your ledger report commands. For
example, if you wanted to specify a register report the displayed
trnasactions from a user-determined account with a particular meta-data
tag value, you specify the following command line:
@smallexample
ledger -f %(ledger-file) reg %(account) --limit \"tag('my-tag') =~
/%(value)/\"
@end smallexample
@noindent Note how the double-quotes are escaped with back-slashes.
@node Make Report Transactions Active, , Expansion Formats, Adding and Editing Reports
@subsection Make Report Transactions Active
In a large register report it is convenient to be anle to jump to the
source transaction. Ledger-mode will automatically include source
information in every register file that doesn't contain a
@code{--subtotal} option. It does this by adding a
@code{--prepend-format='%(filename):%(beg_line):'} to the register
report command-line you specify. You should never have to see this, but
if there is an error in your ledger output this additional information
may not get stripped out of the visible report.
@node Reversing Report Order, , Adding and Editing Reports, The Report Buffer
@section Reversing Report Order
Often, banks show their online transaction historyies with the most recent
transaction at the top. Ledger itself cannot do a sensible ledger
report in reverse chronoligcal order, if you sort on reverse date the
calculation will also run in the opposite direction. If you want to
compare a ledger register report to a bank report with the most recent
transactions at the top, type R in the @file{*Ledger Report*} buffer and
it will reverse the order of the transactions and maintain the proper
mathematical sense.
@node Installing and Customizing Ledger-mode, Hacking Ledger-mode, The Report Buffer, Top
@chapter Installing and Customizing Ledger-mode
@menu
* Emacs Initialization File::
* Ledger-mode Customization::
* Customization Variables::
* Ledger-mode Faces::
@end menu
@node Emacs Initialization File, Ledger-mode Customization, Installing and Customizing Ledger-mode, Installing and Customizing Ledger-mode
@section Emacs Initialization File
@node Ledger-mode Customization, Ledger-mode Faces, Emacs Initialization File, Installing and Customizing Ledger-mode
@section Ledger-mode Customization
@node Customization Variables, , Ledger-mode Customization, Installing and Customizing Ledger-mode
@section Customization Variables
@node Ledger-mode Faces, , Customization Variables, Installing and Customizing Ledger-mode
@section Ledger-mode Faces
@menu
* Using EMACS customization menus::
* Complete list of customization variables::
@end menu
@node Using EMACS customization menus, Complete list of customization variables, Ledger-mode Faces, Ledger-mode Faces
@subsection Using EMACS customization menus
@node Complete list of customization variables, , Using EMACS customization menus, Ledger-mode Faces
@subsection Complete list of customization variables
@node Hacking Ledger-mode, , Installing and Customizing Ledger-mode, Top
@chapter Hacking Ledger-mode
@bye

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2010/12/01 * Checking balance
Assets:Checking $1,000.00
Equity:Opening Balances
2010/12/20 * Organic Co-op
Expenses:Food:Groceries $ 37.50 ; [=2011/01/01]
Expenses:Food:Groceries $ 37.50 ; [=2011/02/01]
Expenses:Food:Groceries $ 37.50 ; [=2011/03/01]
Expenses:Food:Groceries $ 37.50 ; [=2011/04/01]
Expenses:Food:Groceries $ 37.50 ; [=2011/05/01]
Expenses:Food:Groceries $ 37.50 ; [=2011/06/01]
Assets:Checking $ -225.00
2010/12/28 Acme Mortgage
Liabilities:Mortgage:Principal $ 200.00
Expenses:Interest:Mortgage $ 500.00
Expenses:Escrow $ 300.00
* Assets:Checking $ -1000.00
2011/01/02 Grocery Store
Expenses:Food:Groceries $ 65.00
* Assets:Checking
2011/01/05 Employer
* Assets:Checking $ 2000.00
Income:Salary
2011/01/14 Bank
; Regular monthly savings transfer
Assets:Savings $ 300.00
Assets:Checking
2011/01/19 Grocery Store
Expenses:Food:Groceries $ 44.00 ; hastag: not block
Assets:Checking
2011/01/25 Bank
; Transfer to cover car purchase
Assets:Checking $ 5,500.00
Assets:Savings
; :nobudget:
2011/01/25 Tom's Used Cars
Expenses:Auto $ 5,500.00
; :nobudget:
Assets:Checking
2011/01/27 Book Store
Expenses:Books $20.00
Liabilities:MasterCard
2011/04/25 Tom's Used Cars
Expenses:Auto $ 5,500.00
; :nobudget:
Assets:Checking
2011/04/27 Bookstore
Expenses:Books $20.00
Assets:Checking
2011/12/01 Sale
Assets:Checking $ 30.00
Income:Sales