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See merge request embeddable-common-lisp/ecl!225
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55
src/doc/ecolisp-history-mail.txt Normal file
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After ELS 2020 where I gave a talk about ECL the professor Marco Antoniotti
noticed, that there were some historical inaccuracies in my description and
was kind enough to contact me with the professor Giuseppe Attardi who was the
the original author of the ECoLisp (which was a fork of the Kyoto Common
Lisp), who was kind enough to answer me regarding the early history of the
project. The manual is updated to cover this new information, but the email
contains more interesting facts regarding ECL which are worth preserving in
the repository. With the permission from the author I'm adding that email
(without metadata). -- jd 2020-08-17
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
From: Giuseppe Attardi
To: Daniel Kochmański
Date: 02.08.2020
Topic: Re: ECoLisp history
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I first heard about KCL by Richard Weyhrauch in 1986, who had founded Ibuchi to sell its version of KCL in the USA.
I was working with DELPHI, a company which offered advanced software hardware/software, including Symbolic Lisp machines and Sun Workstations.
I wished to provide a cheaper alternative for Lisp programmers that could not afford a Symbolics Lisp machine, which was designed as a personal computer for a single user.
Sun workstations were Unix multiuser computers and could be used for a variety of more general applications.
In particular I added a CLOS implementation, as well as a graphical facility based on CLX that used the X Window System API.
I also extended the debugger so that it could also step backwards, since the cause of an error must be often traced to earlier steps.
The whole combination was called DCL (DELPHI Common Lisp) and it would run on Unix and Sun SPARC workstations in particular.
I also developed a version for the Sun Runner, which was a Sun Workstation with a x86 CPU.
KCL was not available under an Open Source licence and each user was required to send a signed copy of the license to Kyoto.
I was a friend of Reiji Nakajima, the director of the Computer Science Research Group in Kyoto. I went to visit him in 1988 and convinced him to allow me to distribute DCL with a GPL licence.
In 1994 I left DELPHI and went back to the University of Pisa, where I decided to build a version of DCL that would allow integrating Lisp code with other parts of the application written possibly in other languages.
Since Lisp had become less popular and Lisp programmers were diminishing in number, I used the acronym ECL, which you could read as Embeddable Common Lisp as wells ECoLisp, as a joke for the ecological goal of preserving a disappearing species, the Lisp programmer.
A major difference with KCL/DCL was to use the C stack, disposing with the special Lisp stack and introducing unboxed types.
That required a major rewrite of the interpreter and compiler.
I also introduced a conservative garbage collector, so that C data and Lisp data would be allowed to coexist on the stack, and tracing from the C stack would work, even though certain values on the stack might be confused as Lisp object pointers and occasionally preserved longer than needed.
I also added the ability to dump an image of the running system, with all libraries pre-loaded, so that one could start Lisp with a full environment ready for use.
In particular I wished to provide an environment that would feel similar to the Lisp on a Symbolics Lisp Machine.
I also added a multithreading facility, fully based on the Unix setjmp/lonjmp functions, at a time were multithreading was not widely available nor supported by OS libraries like pthreads.
I made the combination of these facilities, that provided support for higher level language facilities, the Common Runtime Support, which included: GC, threading, image dump/reload, I/O.
The CRS in fact allowed to run and mix code from three languages: C, Lisp and Prolog. The idea was that each part of an application might be written in the most convenient language, or use existing code, but could interoperate. Lisp programmers at the time had to rewrite all their code in Lisp, with a significant effort with respect to other programmers, who could just load available code or libraries.
A similar idea of a Common Runtime for several programming language is the basis for example of .Net Common Language Runtime.
The conservative GC idea was also the basis for my later development of CMM (Customizable Memory Management) for C++.
My colleagues mathematicians, that had been working on symbolic computer algebra systems in Lisp, had decided to switch to C++, justifying their choice for performance reasons and because they thought that C++ was a more widely used language.
Despite I was showing them benchmarks and proving that by compiling to C, ECL had similar performance to C++, I eventually gave up.
However I put the condition to have a GC for C++. Hence I implemented a mostly copying conservative garbage collection for C++, which is actually a framework that allows defining different heaps with different reclaimation policies.
In 1994 I met Bill Joy, a founder of Sun Microsystem and a friend of mine, who told me they were developing a new programming language, to be used in a variety of environments and which needed a garbage collector.
I gave him a copy of my Usenix C++ Conference paper on CMM, that contained an FTP link to the code.
Shortly thereafter I had discussions with Joy’s colleagues at Sun Engineering who had started using CMM in the implementation of their new programming language Java.
So there is a lineage from ECL to Java, at least as GC is concerned.
Regards
— Giuseppe

5
src/doc/manual/extensions/mp.txi
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* Condition variables dictionary::
* Semaphores::
* Semaphores dictionary::
* Barriers::
* Barriers dictionary::
* Atomic operations::
* Atomic operations dictionary::
@end menu
@ -58,7 +60,6 @@ the next section.
@include extensions/mp_ref_rwlock.txi
@include extensions/mp_ref_cv.txi
@include extensions/mp_ref_sem.txi
@include extensions/mp_ref_barrier.txi
@include extensions/mp_ref_atomic.txi
@c @include extensions/mp_ref_barrier.txi
@c @include extensions/mp_ref_mailbox.txi

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src/doc/manual/extensions/mp_ref_barrier.txi
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@node Barriers
@subsubsection Barriers
@subsection Barriers
@cindex Barriers (synchronization)
@cppindex ecl_make_barrier
cl_object ecl_make_barrier (cl_object name, cl_index count)
Barriers are objects which for a group of threads make them stop and
they can't proceed until all other threads reach the barrier.
@node Barriers dictionary
@subsection Barriers dictionary
@lspindex mp:make-barrier
mp:make-barrier count &key name
@cppdef ecl_make_barrier
@deftypefun cl_object ecl_make_barrier (cl_object name, cl_index count)
C/C++ equivalent of @coderef{mp:make-barrier} without @code{key}
arguments.
See @coderef{mp:make-barrier}.
@end deftypefun
@cppindex mp_barrier_count
@lspindex mp:barrier-count
@cppdef mp_make_barrier
@lspdef mp:make-barrier
cl_object mp_barrier_count (cl_object barrier)
mp:barrier-count
@defun mp:make-barrier count &key name
Creates a barrier @var{name} with a thread count @var{count}.
@end defun
@cppindex mp_barrier_name
@lspindex mp:barrier-name
@cppdef mp_barrier_count
@lspdef mp:barrier-count
cl_object mp_barrier_name (cl_object)
mp:barrier-name
@defun mp:barrier-count barrier
Returns the count of @var{barrier}.
@end defun
@cppindex mp_barrier_arrivers_count
n@lspindex mp:barrier-arrivers-count
@cppdef mp_barrier_name
@lspdef mp:barrier-name
cl_object mp_barrier_arrivers_count(cl_object barrier);
mp:barrier_arrivers_count barrier
@defun mp:barrier-name barrier
Returns the name of @var{barrier}.
@end defun
@cppindex mp_barrier_wait
@lspindex mp:barrier-wait
@cppdef mp_barrier_arrivers_count
@lspdef mp:barrier-arrivers-count
mp:barrier-wait barrier
cl_object mp_barrier_wait (cl_object barrier);
@defun mp:barrier-arrivers-count barrier
Returns the number of threads waiting on @var{barrier}.
@end defun
@lspindex mp:barrier-unblock
mp:barrier-unblock barrier &key reset_count disable kill-waiting
@cppdef mp_barrier_wait
@lspdef mp:barrier-wait
@defun mp:barrier-wait barrier
The caller thread waits on @var{barrier}. When the barrier is
saturated then all threads waiting on it are unblocked.
@end defun
@cppdef mp_barrier_unblock
@lspdef mp:barrier-unblock
@defun mp:barrier-unblock barrier &key reset-count disable kill-waiting
Forcefully wakes up all processes waiting on the barrier.
@var{reset-count} when used resets @var{barrier} counter.
@var{disable} disables or enables @var{barrier}. When a barrier is
disabled then all calls to @coderef{mp:barrier-wait} immedietely
return.
@var{kill-waiting} is used to kill all woken threads.
@end defun

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src/doc/manual/extensions/mp_ref_sem.txi
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@node Semaphores
@subsection Semaphores
@cindex Semaphores (synchronization)
Semaphores are objects which allow an arbitrary resource
count. Semaphores are used for shared access to resources where number
of concurrent threads allowed to access it is limited.

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x="1401.7335"
sodipodi:role="line"
style="font-size:46.75971985px;line-height:1.25">Other (no info or</tspan><tspan
id="tspan7178"
y="842.01282"
x="1499.3237"
sodipodi:role="line">obsolete)</tspan></text>
x="1401.7335"
sodipodi:role="line"
style="font-size:46.75971985px;line-height:1.25">obsolete)</tspan></text>
<flowRoot
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xml:space="preserve"><tspan
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80
src/doc/manual/introduction/history.txi
View file

@ -3,31 +3,53 @@
The ECL project is an implementation of the Common Lisp language
inherits from many other previous projects, as shown in
@ref{fig:hierarchy}. The oldest ancestor is the Kyoto Common Lisp, an
implementation developed at the the Research Institute for Mathematical
Sciences, Kyoto University @bibcite{Yasa:85}. This implementation was
developed partially in C and partially in Common Lisp itself and
featured a lisp to C translator.
@ref{fig:hierarchy}.
@float Figure,fig:hierarchy
@caption{ECL's family tree}
@image{figures/kcl-hierarchy,,4.5in}
@end float
The KCL implementation remained a proprietary project for some
time. During this time, William F. Schelter improved KCL in several
areas and developed Austin Kyoto Common-Lisp (AKCL). However, those
changes had to be distributed as patches over the proprietary KCL
implementation and it was not until much later that both KCL and AKCL
became freely available and gave rise to the GNU Common Lisp project,
GCL.
The oldest ancestor is the Kyoto Common Lisp (KCL), an implementation
developed in 1984 at the the Research Institute for Mathematical
Sciences, Kyoto University @bibcite{Yasa:85} by Taiichi Yuasa and
Masami Hagiya. This implementation was developed partially in C and
partially in Common Lisp itself and featured a lisp to C translator.
Around the 90's, Giuseppe Attardi worked on the KCL and AKCL code basis
to produce an implementation of Common Lisp that could be embedded in
other C programs @bibcite{Attardi:95}. The result was an implementation
sometimes known as ECL and sometimes as ECoLisp, which achieved rather
good compliance to the informal specification of the language in CLTL2
@bibcite{Steele:90}, and which run on a rather big number of platforms.
Richard W. Weyhrauch in 1985 founded a company Ibuki to sell its
version of KCL called Ibuki Common Lisp (IBCL) in the USA.
Giuseppe Attardi learned about KCL from Richard Weyhrauch in 1986. At
the time he was working with the company DELPHI. He extended KCL by
adding a CLOS implementation and other improvements. The whole
combination was released in 1988 as DELPHI Common Lisp (DCL).
William F. Schelter in 1987 started improving KCL in several areas and
developed Austin Kyoto Common-Lisp (AKCL). However, those changes had
to be distributed as patches over the proprietary KCL implementation.
Much later in 1994, when KCL became open source (and by extension also
AKCL), William F. Schelter re-released AKCL as GNU Common Lisp (GCL),
implementation which primary purpose at the time was to support the
Maxima compute algebra system, which was also maintained by William
F. Schelter.
@c https://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/95oct/oct95.htm
In 1995 another AKCL descendant called HCL is released. This
commercial implementation is an extension language for the application
HP PE/SolidDesigner. A large part of the application's user interface
is written in Common Lisp.
In 1994 Giuseppe Attardi left DELPHI and went back to the University
of Pisa, where he decided to build a version of DCL that would allow
integrating Lisp code with other languages@bibcite{Attardi:95}. Since
Lisp had become less popular and Lisp programmers were diminishing in
number, he used the acronym ECL, which could be read as either the
Embeddable Common Lisp as well as ECoLisp, as a joke for the
ecological goal of preserving the disappearing species, the Lisp
programmer. The implementation achieved rather good compliance to the
informal specification of the language in CLTL2 @bibcite{Steele:90},
and which run on a rather big number of platforms.
The ECL project stagnated a little bit in the coming years. In
particular, certain dependencies such as object binary formats, word
@ -42,22 +64,24 @@ in mind: increase portability, make the code 64-bit clean, make it able
to build itself from scratch, without other implementation of Common
Lisp and restore the ability to link ECL with other C programs.
Those goals were rather quickly achieved. ECL became ported to a number
of platforms and with the years also compatibility with the ANSI
specification became a more important goal. At some point the fork ECLS,
with agreement of Prof. Attardi, took over the original ECL
Those goals were rather quickly achieved. ECL was then ported to a
number of platforms and with time the compatibility with the ANSI
specification became a more important goal. At some point the fork
ECLS, with agreement of Prof. Attardi, took over the original ECL
implementation and it became what it is nowadays, a community project.
In 2013 once again project got unmaintained. In 2015 Daniel Kochmański
took the position of a maintainer with consent of Juanjo García-Ripoll.
took the position of a maintainer with consent of Juanjo
García-Ripoll. In 2020 Marius Gerbershagen became the project
co-maintainer.
The ECL project owes a lot to different people who have contributed in
many different aspects, from pointing out bugs and incompatibilities of
ECL with other programs and specifications, to actually solving these
bugs and porting ECL to new platforms.
Current development of ECL is still driven by Daniel Kochmański with
main focus on improving ANSI compliance and compatibility with the
Common Lisp libraries ecosystem, fixing bugs, improving speed and the
portability. The project homepage is located at
@uref{https://common-lisp.net/project/ecl/}.
Current development of ECL is still driven by Daniel Kochmański and
Marius Gerbershagen with main focus on improving ANSI compliance and
compatibility with the Common Lisp libraries ecosystem, fixing bugs,
improving speed and the portability. The project homepage is located
at @uref{https://common-lisp.net/project/ecl/}.

117
src/tests/normal-tests/multiprocessing.lsp
View file

@ -735,3 +735,120 @@ creating stray processes."
(signals package-error (mp:remcas 'cl:car))
(finishes (mp:defcas cor (lambda (obj old new) nil)))
(finishes (mp:remcas 'cor)))
;;; Date: 2020-08-14
;;; From: Daniel Kochmański
;;; Description:
;;;
;;; Smoke tests for barriers.
;;;
(test mp.barrier.slots
(let ((barrier (mp:make-barrier 3 :name 'foo)))
(is (eq 'foo (mp:barrier-name barrier)))
(is (= 3 (mp:barrier-count barrier)))
(is (= 0 (mp:barrier-arrivers-count barrier)))))
(test mp.barrier.blocking
(let ((barrier (mp:make-barrier 3))
(before-barrier 0)
(after-barrier 0))
(labels ((try-barrier ()
(mp:process-run-function
"try-barrier"
(lambda ()
(incf before-barrier)
(mp:barrier-wait barrier)
(incf after-barrier))))
(check-barrier (before after arrivers)
(try-barrier)
(sleep 0.01)
(is (= before before-barrier))
(is (= after after-barrier))
(is (= arrivers (mp:barrier-arrivers-count barrier)))))
(check-barrier 1 0 1)
(check-barrier 2 0 2)
(check-barrier 3 3 0)
(check-barrier 4 3 1)
(check-barrier 5 3 2)
(check-barrier 6 6 0))))
(test mp.barrier.unblock-1
(let ((barrier (mp:make-barrier 3))
(before-barrier 0)
(after-barrier 0))
(labels ((try-barrier ()
(mp:process-run-function
"try-barrier"
(lambda ()
(incf before-barrier)
(mp:barrier-wait barrier)
(incf after-barrier))))
(check-barrier (before after arrivers)
(try-barrier)
(sleep 0.01)
(is (= before before-barrier))
(is (= after after-barrier))
(is (= arrivers (mp:barrier-arrivers-count barrier))))
(wake-barrier ()
(mp:barrier-unblock barrier :kill-waiting nil))
(kill-barrier ()
(mp:barrier-unblock barrier :kill-waiting t)))
(check-barrier 1 0 1)
(check-barrier 2 0 2)
(wake-barrier)
(sleep 0.01)
(check-barrier 3 2 1)
(check-barrier 4 2 2)
(kill-barrier)
(sleep 0.01)
(check-barrier 5 2 1))))
(test mp.barrier.unblock-2
(let ((barrier (mp:make-barrier 3))
(before-barrier 0)
(after-barrier 0))
(labels ((try-barrier ()
(mp:process-run-function
"try-barrier"
(lambda ()
(incf before-barrier)
(mp:barrier-wait barrier)
(incf after-barrier))))
(check-barrier (before after arrivers)
(try-barrier)
(sleep 0.01)
(is (= before before-barrier))
(is (= after after-barrier))
(is (= arrivers (mp:barrier-arrivers-count barrier)))))
(mp:barrier-unblock barrier :disable t)
(check-barrier 1 1 0)
(check-barrier 2 2 0)
(check-barrier 3 3 0)
(check-barrier 4 4 0))))
(test mp.barrier.unblock-3
(let ((barrier (mp:make-barrier 3))
(before-barrier 0)
(after-barrier 0))
(labels ((try-barrier ()
(mp:process-run-function
"try-barrier"
(lambda ()
(incf before-barrier)
(mp:barrier-wait barrier)
(incf after-barrier))))
(check-barrier (before after arrivers)
(try-barrier)
(sleep 0.01)
(is (= before before-barrier))
(is (= after after-barrier))
(is (= arrivers (mp:barrier-arrivers-count barrier)))))
(mp:barrier-unblock barrier :reset-count 4)
(check-barrier 1 0 1)
(check-barrier 2 0 2)
(check-barrier 3 0 3)
(check-barrier 4 4 0)
(check-barrier 5 4 1)
(check-barrier 6 4 2))))